Introduction to Organizational Politics Essay Example for Free

Prologue to Organizational Politics Essay This piece comprises intensely of citations from and adjustments of material from a few sources (see references toward the end). There still might be some unreferenced citations since I have forgotten about their beginning over numerous long stretches of moving substance through different notes. I dont guarantee creativity, other than the decision and sorting out of material Rex Mitchell. Pfeffer (1992, p. 30) characterized governmental issues as the procedures, the activities, the practices through which potential force is used and figured it out. Another creator (Dubrin, 2001 , p. 92) characterized hierarchical legislative issues as casual ways to deal with picking up power through methods other than legitimacy or karma. It could be contended that governmental issues are utilized essentially to accomplish power, either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, e. g. , by being advanced, getting a bigger spending plan or different assets, or increasing alluring assignments. Numerous individuals see hierarchical governmental issues as something negative (e. g. , seeking after selflnterests to the detriment of others) and something to be limited. Subsequently, albeit the vast majority realize that authoritative legislative issues are normal, they abstain from saying so when it concerns one=s own ehavior. It is increasingly normal to discuss legislative issues while grumbling about a misfortune to a companion than it is with regards to ones own political moving. At the point when we win on an issue, we call it administration; when we lose, we call it legislative issues. In numerous associations, governmental issues is a no-no subject, which makes it hard for people to manage this significantly significant part of hierarchical reality. I accept a pioneer should dexterously utilize authoritative governmental issues to gain and hold power and to achieve significant objectives. Hence, it would be a slip-up to imagine that governmental issues doesn't exist or to antasize that a pioneer can be powerful without suitable (and moral, I would include) utilization of legislative issues. As Pericles composed more than 2500 years back, Just in light of the fact that you don't look into legislative issues doesnt mean governmental issues wont check out you. I see hierarchical governmental issues as neither great nor awful, as such, despite the fact that it is significant for us to recognize moral and exploitative political conduct.

International human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Worldwide HR - Essay Example patriate supervisors are given the duty of synchronizing various societies while overseeing human asset for a worldwide organization in an outside nation. The way of life and business condition of a worldwide partnerships differ with locales and nations. ‘International human asset management’ manages the HRM exercises of a global partnership. It helps the ostracize HR administrators of global companies to comprehend the authoritative culture of the MNC and the nearby culture of that specific nation. The capacities and duties of local human asset the board and worldwide human asset the board are diverse in numerous perspectives. The last requires more noteworthy obligation as it requires more noteworthy degree of coordination, chance, contribution in close to home existences of representatives. This paper will endeavor to break down the human asset of Ford Motor Company of United States of America (USA). In the following segment, the social setting of USA MNC and the nearby culture will be talked about and the difficulties looked by the exile directors will be dissected. The general discoveries will be finished up and some fundamental proposals will be given to beat those difficulties. The center elements of the HR the executives are comparable independent of nations and associations. In any case, the distinction in societies represents certain obstacles for the exile supervisors. Contrasts existing between Asia Pacific, Middle East and USA are hard to absorb. The way of life of USA is a migrant one, alongside the Native Americans numerous settlers from various nations have been living in USA. Welcome Hofstede has recognized six elements of the way of life that shift from nation to nation. These measurements are â€Å"power separation list (PDI), independence (IDV), vulnerability shirking list (UAI), manliness (MAS) and long haul direction (LTO)† (Falkenreck, 2009, p.59). Figure 1 portrays the ‘Greet Hofstede

5 Employee Rights to Defend against Exploitation

5 Employee Rights to Defend against Exploitation Employee exploitation could be legal or illegal.Illegal employee exploitation happens when an employer oversteps the legal protections of their workers for their own benefit.Legal exploitation occurs mainly when the employee is demanded to perform tasks that are damaging to their wellbeing or is not compensated fairly, but those behaviors are not explicitly illegal.In both cases higher awareness of ones rights, needs and contributions can help protect them, their income and their career.Continue reading in order to learn how to defend yourself against harmful practices.WHY DO WE ALLOW EXPLOITATION TO HAPPEN?Obviously, exploitation is mainly the fault of the organization that exploits its workers for its own gains. But why do workers allow that?Your job is your main source of incomeThe no-brainer. You need money. Competition on the labor market is high and is getting higher. There is a lot to be said about stagnant wages, unfair income distribution on corporate level, a culture of dim inishing the achievements on low-level employees, etc.The point is, there is high pressure on employees to go out of their way to show results, to make sacrifice and to prove their value.When you have to pay your rent or your mortgage, you have to put food on the table, to provide a good life for your children, and in a dynamic labor market, where you know you are not irreplaceable, you will do pretty much anything to keep your job.Your job is your source of stabilityIt is not just financial stability.A lot of employees count on their employer for health insurance. If you or an immediate family member has a preexisting medical condition, you will be unwilling to explore your career options.Your credit history will be affected by how much you are earning, but your chances to receive credit from most financial institutions will also be influenced by how long you have held your job and how high your position is.Being too fast to bail on bad working conditions will affect your future ca reer. Hiring managers do screen your resume for the length of time you have spent working for a particular employer. It is a sign of your loyalty. Bailing could burn bridges for you.You job is the reason for being accepted in your communityIf you work as a teacher, a lawyer, a priest, a police officer, or a doctor, your job is not just a job. It is a place in your community you want to keep, no matter how much it costs you.You job is your main source of self esteemMost importantly, we are taught our career is our best way to contribute to society. Organized labor is what makes humanity tick. And you want to do your part well.It is very difficult to be objective when we evaluate our performance and we often adopt the false logic that if we do everything they ask of us, we are doing well.That is what makes us prone to exploitation.THE 5 WORST TYPES OF WORK EXPLOITATIONA lot of employees feel the pressures of their job may be overwhelming at times. This list is an attempt to display a good amount of the dangers of exploitation.There is a high chance that at different points in time you have felt degrees of the methods displayed below. It should be noted that those are, unfortunately, popular practices.Whether or not the scope of the offense is something that oversteps the line is up to you to decide.Overworking employeesThis is the most common way to exploit workers. And it is also the most complex. Overworking could be equally the fault of the employer and the employee.The employer is responsible to meet quotas, show results, meet budgets and keep the organization going. They work result-over-methods. They can establish or reinforce a culture of overworking where spending time after hours is expected, and not complying is frowned upon.The employee succumbs to the pressures: of the competitive labor market; of the need to earn money; of the need to do well at their job; of the need to contribute to the organization; of the need to be better, to be recognized and maybe even promoted.Statistics show that 85% of women and 88% of men overwork themselves regularly. The higher the employee position, the lower the percentage. That comes to illustrate lower level employees are more often the victim of exploitation.Let’s say the need of job satisfaction is the main drive behind it.Does it work?No.Only 33.2% of overworking women and only 40% of overworking men are satisfied with their job.How to defend yourself against overworking:Know your legal rights. Legal regulations vary between countries but most often you will be only required to work a certain amount of hours per day and or per week. Any time spent on work after that would be considered overtime. Only a certain amount of overtime is allowed, and the compensation for it is multiplied by an index. That index could vary based the amount of afterhours time you have spent, on your position in the company, and or on the precise day you worked â€" weekends and bank holidays could be more expensiv e. And in some very rare cases, overtime is completely forbidden. Talk to HR and or to a lawyer to confirm your research.Plan in advance. It happens very often that employees work after hours because they need to finish high priority tasks. Plan your week in advance and make sure you know what are your top tasks. Write down milestones for each day. Make sure checking all of those will constitute your work as ‘done’. At the end of the day, at the end of the week if someone asks you to stay late, you will be able to say you have done your job and you don’t need to do anything else. That way you will also not be confused about your contributions and will not feel the need to stay.Shut down at home. Overworkers have the bad habit of working even after they leave the office and go home. Make sure you have a strategy to avoid that. There are obviously exceptions if your position has management responsibilities, but make sure you limit it down to emergencies. Only.Take your breaks. V acations, weekends, lunch breaks. The rule here is similar to working from home. Just make sure you keep it to a minimum and talk to someone if it gets out of hand. Do not miss a single break. You will find you are really more productive, you get more things done, and, interestingly enough, you get more respect out of your boss, your employees and your colleagues if you have more respect for yourself in that way.Respond to repercussions. If you have done everything right so far, you must have dealt with your internal pressures to overwork yourself. Now you know the pressure is not coming from you. If the pressure is still there, it is not coming from you. Try and stop completely. If you become a victim of any repercussions, deal with them in time, with balance â€" keep things civil and proportionate, but don’t budge.Exploiting employees for their appearanceIt is not exclusive to women, but indeed predominantly women are affected by this form of exploitation.As society is focused m ore on the appearance of women rather than men, that phenomenon is also reflected in pressures in the workplace.Attractive women are supposed to sell. The way they look is, therefore, in various ways, implied to have effect on their professional success. And it goes well beyond just being ‘presentable’.First off, women are being pressured to lose weight. The issue with women’s weight is well known and very often discussed nowadays when it comes to the modeling industry.However, it does not stop there.Any time a woman’s job involves working with people, she is at risk to be pressured to change.And it does not stop at her weight. The second very popular exploitation of women for their appearance is their smile. Women are often asked to smile more in a way men aren’t.Third, women of color are being asked to change their hair â€" straighten it, smooth it out, or wear a weave. They are being told they do not look presentable with an afro or a protective hairstyle â€" if they w ear it in cornrows or dreadlocks.Those are just some of the common ways women are exploited for their appearance.How to defend yourself against the pressure to look ‘presentable’:Define ‘presentable’ for yourself. Ask yourself how important your appearance is in your work. Calculate it against your other responsibilities. If you are a fitness instructor, you do need to work on your body. If you are a waitress, you don’t. If you are a hairdresser, you probably need to change your hair every once in a while, if you work in a bank â€" you don’t. It is as simple as that.Prioritize and analyze. It is only exploitation if you are required to put unreasonable effort into your appearance. Does your appearance have, in any way, a connection to your field of work? If it does not than your appearance should not be any sort of requirement for you doing your job.Sexual harassmentAccording to The Human Rights Commission, Sexual harassment is ‘unwelcome sexual behavior, which could b e expected to make a person feel offended, humiliated or intimidated.’It is categorized as sexual harassment when it happens at the workplace, but also when it happens at work-related events or between people that have a labor relationship.With the ‘Me too’ movement a lot of cases of harassment are surfacing.Some scary statistics tell us that:0,01% of men and as much as 20% of women have experienced violent sexual assault at least once in their life. 8% of those assaults happen at work.Between 25% and 85% of women have experienced a form of sexual harassment at work.75% of harassment victims experienced retaliation when they spoke up.Harassment comes in many forms and, unfortunately, only the most severe of those can be detected, proven and punished. There can be other forms of sexual harassment that move on the edge of the legal and could still be harmful to your life and career.How NOT to defend yourself against sexual harassment:You cannot smile the right or wrong way to pr event sexual harassment from happening to you.You cannot dress the right or wrong way to prevent sexual harassment from happening to you.How to defend yourself against sexual harassment:Preventing sexual harassment is mainly the responsibility of the employer. Do your research in advance to signing your contract. See if you can gather some preliminary information â€" check for any legal cases or even rumors about workers in the company. Ask your interviewers about recent workshops or trainings.Be aware of your surroundings and your relationships. Be careful of any time you are asked for anything or are offered anything by someone other than your direct manager. Ideally, be sure any offence is intentional and conscious.In the best case scenario, you should feel safe enough to confront the harasser immediately. Tell them why you find their behavior offensive and how it is harmful to your career. If the unwanted behavior does not stop, feel free to seek legal advice. Be confidential un less you believe the culprit’s behavior may affect other victims.Maternity/paternity leave repercussionsMaternity, paternity or parental leave is a curious phenomenon.On the one side, we have a societal need, dictated by the wellbeing of new mothers, fathers, newborns and adopted children all over the world. The new member of the family needs the undivided attention of their parents in the first days and weeks in their home.On the other, governments, law makers and businesses all seem to abdicate from their responsibility to allow and protect that right of family time.New mothers and especially new fathers are often betrayed by their government and are forced to take up their time off as vacation or sick leave.Even in countries where paternity and maternity leave is abundant, such as Japan, pressures to come back to the workplace discourage new parents from taking their time off.How to defend yourself against Maternity/paternity leave repercussions:Do your research in advance. Mak e sure you know your legalities as soon as you know a child is on the way. Laws vary between countries and sometimes even municipalities. Speak to HR and/or a lawyer to confirm your rights and responsibilities in this situation.Talk to your partner. As soon as you know what your options are, figure out a plan. Factor in your legal rights, respect each other’s wishes and take into account your financial situation. Write down a detailed plan.Be forthright. As soon as you have your plan you need to present it to your direct manager. Be kind and respectful, be decent and understanding that you are putting them in a difficult situation. Tell them you trust them to support you. Assure them you will be available, but you want to limit your involvement to emergencies. The rest will go great â€" you already have a fool-proof plan. Do not budge on your decisions regardless of their reaction. You have your research and you know you are in the right.Announce.  Your work will most probably hav e to be taken over by your colleagues. Together with your direct manager display and explain your plan for action. Assure everyone you will help them get into your shoes well in advance â€" no surprises. You will be available for questions, but ask for the basic decency to only be contacted when absolutely necessary â€" explain you are going away for your family’s sake and want to make the most of it.Snap back. When you come back from your leave you will need some time to get back in shape. Make sure it is limited. Announce in advance: ‘Thank you for covering for me. It was the best thing for my family and you contributed. I still need some time to get my head back in the game but I promise in TWO WEEKS time I will be ready. Everything will be just as it was before.’ That way you make It clear you were gone temporarily. You planned it well and you know what you are doing. You should never be passed over for a promotion.Deny adequate compensationInadequate compensation is one of the least well protected forms of exploitation. Employers can always hide behind the notion that your pay has to be proportionate to your contributions. And your contributions can always be diminished if it gets to that.We already discussed one form of unfair compensation above â€" when employers require overtime work, but do not pay for it fairly.There are other forms of unfair compensation.Unpaid internships. One report from the e All-Party Parliamentary Group on Social Mobility in the UK concludes that interns must be paid after their first month of their employment.At the same time, the Guardian reports that ‘Inflation and increasing rents have pushed the cost of a one-month unpaid placement in the capital to a minimum of £1,019, meaning that a six-month internship with no pay would cost a person at least £6,114.’The gender pay gap. The American Association of University Women has issued ‘The Simple Truth’ â€" a report with statistics and information to help underst and the scope, the origins and the possible solutions of the issue.According to the report:‘In 2016, women working full time in the United States typically were paid just 80 percent of what men were paid, a gap of 20 percent…The gap has narrowed since 1960, due largely to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. At the rate of change between 1960 and 2016 women are expected to reach pay equity with men in 2059.’The report acknowledges several reasons why the gender pay gap exists. Among them are the gender-based occupation choices, the gender-based parenting bias (the implication that women are seen as more responsible for the children), but also the gender bias and the employer practices of pay secrecy and pay negotiations.‘…After accounting for college major, occupation, economic sector, hours worked, months unemployed since graduation, GPA, type of undergraduate institution, institution selectivity, age, g eographical region, and marital status, AAUW found a remaining 7 percent difference between the earnings of male and female college graduates one year after graduation. That gap jumped to 12 percent 10 years after college graduation’Refusing deserved pay raise Wages are stagnant. The raise in productivity of the workforce is, unfortunately, not reflected in the raise of average wages. Refusing a well-deserved pay raise happens for no other reason than to save money.Management is constantly pushed to restrict budgets, mostly in order to increase profits. At all costs.Denying a pay raise is a relatively easy way, believe it or not, to keep the budget within its limits. It is easier than negotiating with suppliers, foreseeing market crises, or raising prices to customers.How to defend your right to a well-deserved pay raise:Know your value. Before everything else, you must be completely sure the pay raise you are asking for is indeed well deserved. Make a common-sense check. How long have you been in the company? What are your undeniable contributions? Do you have the right attitude? Do you receive appropriate feedback? Common sense will tell you if you are being objective in your reasoning.Know your comparative value. Unfortunately, it is indeed the easiest for a company to save on bonuses for its employees. That is, unless it comes to loosing top talent. Don’t be afraid to research your options in case you would have to make the ultimate choice. Keep on the same wage, or leave. Can you go to better conditions?Speak to your direct manager. Respectfully, and with an open mind, request a meeting with your direct manager. Be calm and collected. Present your case with confidence and facts. Explain why you believe you deserve more.Don’t be afraid to negotiate. Pay negotiations could be difficult if you perceive it as having discussions about your personal value. Try and be objective. Do you know what you deserve? Can you get it somewhere else? Say what you want and stand behind your numbers.Wait for the right time. And the right time is not never or forever. But it is very possible it is not right now. If your management explains you should wait for the next budget year, or several months until the company is in a better financial situation, assess that against your choices. But don’t forget to factor in loyalty towards your employer.CONCLUSIONThe difference between being simply employed and being exploited is the same as the difference between being utilized and being used.If you are being utilized you are a part of a labor relationship with an organization where both parties find it equally beneficial. You are selling your work to your company and it is paying the price.If you are being exploited and used, the organization is using its position of power over your life to break that balance of mutual benefit in its favor. In such situations, it often happens that top management is cutting corners so they benefit more from the hard work of their low-level employees.And the low-level employees allow that if they are not well aware of their value, of the unfair power balance and the unfair practices.Educating and protecting yourself is your best bet for a successful career and personal fulfillment.

The Classical School Of Thought - 1327 Words

The crime policy has changed throughout the last 30 years. This has been seen through the discovery of the victim and the shift in focus from the offender to the offence. These developments related to changes in the understanding of what causes crime, have been seen through many different concepts. These concepts in include the positivist vs. the classical schools of thought, changes in our understandings of what causes victimisation over time, official vs. unofficial data and the different definitions of crime. These concepts show how the discovery of the victim and the shift in focus from the offender to the offence from the past 30 years has changed the understandings of what the reasoning behind what causes crime. The positivist vs. the classical schools of thought: Modern Criminology is made up of two main schools of though which are ‘The classical school of thought’ originating in the 18th century and ‘The positivist school of thought’ originating in the 19th century. The Classical School of thought is based on the theory that people have free will in expressing their own decisions, and that the punishment they receive for the crime they committed is able to discourage them from doing it again, as long as it was carried out without interruption and is appropriate according to the crime committed. Some factors that are included in the Classical School of thought is that all individuals are equal before the law no matter what. This is where the rule of law conceptShow MoreRelatedThe Classical School Of Thought889 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of rational choice led to the development of the Classical school of thought, which sought to deter and prevent crime by making the fear of punishment worse than the gratification attained from crime. However, while free will and rational choice sought to explain criminality, other theorists began to consider that some individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior. The development of the Classical School of thought in Criminology was a direct result of the Enlightenment periodRead MoreThe Classical School Of Thought1358 Words   |  6 Pagesfurther transition with a 21st century manager. Part One When Robert joined Recycled Furnishings he brought with him a management style that could best be aligned with The Classical Organizational Theory. This is the oldest formal management school of thought (Barnett, n.d). The main premise of the Classical school of thought is managing employees in the most efficient way. The goal of any organization is to make the most money possible. A manager’s job is to ensure that. Drawbacks to this managementRead MoreClassical School Of Thought And The Great Depression1020 Words   |  5 PagesClassical school of thought dates back to the Enlightenment movement and the Industrial Revolution during the eighteenth century, where secularization started to happen resulting in changes on the way of thinking and analyzing daily life. Adam Smith, also known as the father of economics, wrote An Enquiry into the causes of the Wealth of the Nations in 1776, where he discusses how the wealth of a nation is measured (by GDP), division of labor and last ly, introduces the invisible hand that controlsRead MorePsychoanalytic And Classical Conditioning School Of Thought969 Words   |  4 Pagesemerged to explain human behavior, the first two were psychoanalytic and Classical Conditioning school of thought. These two completely different schools of thought attempted to explain human behavior, either based on the reason for the behavior or the behavior itself. So with these in mind, are humans thoughts and behaviors merely things that can be controlled or fixed or is there a more complex reason behind the thoughts and behaviors? While previous theories focused on conscious behaviorRead MoreDifferent Schools Of Thought Of Classical Management Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesThree schools of thought of classical management in management: Classical theory emphasis on increasing employee efficiency at work. It focuses on increasing employee productivity, specialization of work, centralization of decision making and profit maximization. There are three management the Scientific management theory: This theory was formed by F.W Taylor who is known as father of scientific management. This theory focused on increasing productivity by increasing employee productivity. ItRead MoreClassical Conditioning On The Field Of The Psychological School Of Thought1153 Words   |  5 Pages Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is probably the most significant technique discovered and impactful on the field of the psychological school of thought, such one that is famous by school of Behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, discovered by accident between the late 18th century and early 19th the Classical Conditioning method. He realized while feeding his dogs that they would salivate after a while even when he was not carrying any food on himRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology935 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples of the Classical School of Criminology? The major principles in the Classical School of Criminology are that humans are rational and that our behavior comes from free will, and our human behavior is derived from pain and pleasure. To deter criminal’s punishment is necessary, which may set an example for others. As well as crime prevention should be implemented with quick regulated punishment for violations of the law. What were some forerunners of classical thought in criminology? SomeRead MoreThe Classical School And The Neoclassic1702 Words   |  7 PagesToday s Economy as it relates to Classical and Neoclassical Thought Economic thoughts and theories are constantly evolving. One reason being is the growth and evolution of humans and systems. This constant change often brings about greater economics challenges. Thus, we can strongly contend to the fact that the state of today’s economic isn’t as found in the 18th or 19th and so on. Moreover, economic theorists presented with these robust economic challenges often time build up on each other. ThatRead MoreBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. According to Williams and McShane 2009, the Classical School was uninterested in studying the criminal per se; it gained its associationRead MoreThe Classical School Of Criminology1485 Words   |  6 Pages1. Answer the following with respect to classical school of criminology: A. Discuss the historical context of the origins (emergence) of this perspective.   When did it arise?   Was it a response to any previous perspectives? The classical school of criminology is foundationally based upon the history of crime and punishment. Throughout history, crime was dealt with in an extremely harsh and inhumane manner. Criminals and suspected criminals were quartered, burnt at the stake, tortured, and subjected

Literary Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet...

Satanic Influences in Literature The darkest evils of the world have always hidden in the shadows of the human mind†¦ Life was a struggle between Satan and God – good and evil, or at least that is what the Puritans believed. Believing this made them very aware of supernatural forces in their everyday life. A man who wrote about this in his famous novels is Nathaniel Hawthorne. He came from a family of Puritans; therefore, he was well associated with that lifestyle. He applied the Puritan’s beliefs on Satan and witchcraft into his books – especially â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and The Scarlet Letter. Both of these amazing literary works involved people battling evilness every day. Their whole lives revolved around it. In the 1600’s, in The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne writes about a woman who committed adultery (something she could have been killed for) and battles the devil. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne writes about a man who almost gives in to temptation with the devil, loses his faith, and becomes suspicious of everyone. The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† are alike because the characters in both books both deal with good versus evil. Satan tempts an innocent person; in The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale give in to temptation and have to deal with the consequences of their actions, which are different for each of them. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Brown is tempted but does not succumb. The stories’ main characters who witness evil in thoseShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreRomanticism And Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1461 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter Literary Romanticism was a literary movement that started in Europe toward the late 1700’s and reached America in the early 19th century just in time for its peak years. Originally sparked by the Industrial Revolution, it was a response to the political and social conditions of the time as well as a challenge to the new type of scientific exploration and rationalization of everyday life. Writing that was grand and inspired great feeling andRead MoreCharacterization In The Scarlet Letter1374 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is expressed throughout Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. Pearl is outcasted from society because of her non-conformity to rigid Puritan morals, similar to how Hawthorne alienates his own daughter Una for having a more masculine personality. These aspects all mirror Hawthorne s emotions and hardships of his early life through the literary element of characterization. The analysis of Pearl emphasizes how The Scarlet Letter is a reflection of Hawthor ne s life, and how the feelings heRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Mind1900 Words   |  8 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne-The Mind Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804 he was known as an American novelist, who writes dark romantic short stories. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts to his parents to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning. Nathaniel Hawthorne was originally named Nathaniel Hathorne but he later added a w to make his name Hawthorne in order to hide the relation to his ancestor John Hathorne, who was the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never feltRead MoreSymbolism, Use Of Color, And Themes Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1657 Words   |  7 Pages and Themes in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the first symbolic novel in American Literature for Nathaniel Hawthorne s skillful use of symbolism and allegory. The novel is also said to be the greatest accomplishment of American short story and is viewed as the first American psychological novel, which makes Hawthorne win an incomparable position in American Literature. Hawthorne’s â€Å"unique gift† for using this kind of skills taps into the roots of man s moral nature and givesRead MoreIs the Scarlet Letter a Proto Feminist Novel1510 Words   |  7 Pages21, 2012 Is The Scarlet Letter a Proto Feminist Novel? â€Å"Is The Scarlet Letter a Proto Feminist Novel?† The Scarlet Letter is a very well-known novel, between the scandals and lies. It starts off with a woman named Hester Prynne. Hester decides to leave her husband behind to migrate to Boston. A couple years later, Hester gives birth to a baby girl named Pearl in prison. Hester refused to reveal the father of Pearl. The town then forces Hester to wear a scarlet letter A upon her dressRead MoreEmbracing a Feminist Nature: A Theory Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesHawthorne as Hester - Embracing a Feminist Nature: A Theory Hester Prynne remains a living force of feminist strength as she stands between the literary arguments of Hawthorne’s possible intentions of portraying his protagonist as either a central figure of feminist empowerment for women, in retrospect to the interpretations of his views on feminism of the timeframe, or a woman oppressed by her sins under the tyranny of puritanical injustice. While some argue for Hester’s feminist virtues withoutRead More Sins of Hester Prynne, Reverend Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter2139 Words   |  9 PagesThe Sins of Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a study of the effects of sin on the hearts and minds of the main characters, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth. Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth. Sin strengthens Hester, humanizes Dimmesdale, and turns Chillingworth into a demon. Hester Prynne’s sin was adultery. This sin was regarded very seriously by the Puritans, and was oftenRead MorePuritan Condemnation Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1030 Words   |  5 PagesPuritan Condemnation â€Å"The Scarlet Letter is the most nearly static of all Hawthorne’s novels.† (73) This opinion-based quote from the article â€Å"The Characters Reveal the Story’s Meaning,† written by Hyatt H. Waggoner, can properly introduce Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most familiar novel, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† After close observation of said novel, it can be inferred that there is very little external conflict when comparing the amount of space devoted to exposition and description; the evidence for thisRead MoreThe Whiteness of the Veil: Color and the veil in Hawthorne’s The Minister’s Black Veil and The Blithedale Romance1578 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular. Blair does not go further in his discussion of whiteness and blackness in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† in relation to The Blithedale Romance. An analysis of the use of color, particularly regarding the veil symbol, in both texts can provide additional insights into H awthorne’s often noted ambiguity. Veils and the act of unveiling are popular literary tropes, particularly in Gothic fiction. They may be employed to address contrasting themes of knowledge vs. ignorance, the conscious vs. the unconscious

Alzheimers Disease in the Elderly - 655 Words

Walk into any senior home nowadays and there will be at least one person afï ¬â€šicted with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This progressive, neurodegenerative disorder affects more than ï ¬ ve million Americans and is projected to steadily grow in incidence every year (Alzheimer’s Association). While current research efforts have looked to determine how and why AD is caused, the pathogenesis of the disease in patients is affected by numerous factors. A variety of genetic mutations can inï ¬â€šuence the severity and time course of AD. However, researchers acknowledge that the presence of a gene and its corresponding protein does not guarantee onset (Hardy). Rather, external elements such as lifestyles, coupled with the action of multiple genes characterize AD as a complex trait. One hallmark of AD is amyloid beta plaques, large aggregates found in the patient brains composed of the peptide, amyloid beta. These amyloid plaques form the basis for the primary hypothesis behind AD, the amyloid cascade hypothesis. The cascade begins with amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is cleaved by two different enzymes to produce one amyloid beta monomer, which aggregates with other monomers to form cytotoxic structures. These then cause the neuronal cell death and loss of synaptic function that occurs in AD (Laferla). Mutations that affect this cascade are thus of primary importance. There are three main genes, APP, PS1, and PS2, that when mutated alter the metabolism or stability of the amyloid betaShow MoreRelatedAlzheimers Disease in the Elderly Essay examples1604 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer is a disease that affects the elderly most. The disease was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer in the year 1906 when he was examining a female’s brain. He found out that the woman displayed memory loss, language problems and some inexplicable changes in behavior. The disease was named after the doctor who was a German psychiatrist and a neuropathologist. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disorder that leads to memory loss, personality changes, and language problems (GilbertRead MoreDisengagement Theory And Alzheimer s Disease901 Words   |  4 PagesDisengagement Theory and Alzheimer’s Disease There are three core theories’ that have been established in age related studies. There is the active theory which states that a person should remain active and social. There is the Continuation Theory and states that people who age successfully continue habits that lead to a happy life. Then there is the disengagement theory and this theory will be the focus of the paper. Disengagement theory is the idea that as people age it is expected for them toRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Elderly1582 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation, and this number is expected to double over the next 45 years. The effect of the elderly living longer is that the occurrence of illness and disabilities, as well as recovery time, is increased (Lovell, 2006). Associated with this is the increase in demand for health care resources, and the negative stereotype of the elderly being an economic burden (Lovell, 2006). The stereotype of the elderly being frail is perpetuated by the media’s promotion of you th and vitality, as well as the biasedRead MoreWhat Can You Tell About A Population By Looking At Its Population Pyramid?1392 Words   |  6 Pagesnormally and aging with a disease. Thus, disease such as diabetes, hypertension, and Alzheimer’s found among the elderly did not come about as a result of the aging process, but rather as a result of disease process that happened to take place within the elderly individual. In other words, disease is not a normal process of aging. Second, no two people of the same chronological age, age at the same level. There are more variations of change and development among the elderly than there is among theRead MoreMusic Affecting the Memory of Alzheimer’s Patients1080 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States (Help End Alzheimers.). It is a common form of dementia categorized by a progressive decline in cognitive function (Simmons-Stern, 2010). According to the Alzheimer ’s Association, â€Å"More than 500,000 seniors die each year because they have Alzheimers disease†. Therefore Alzheimer’s disease kills more people than prostate and breast cancer together (Help End Alzheimers.) Although there is no cure or treatment to slow theRead MoreEssay on A Drifing Mind: Alzheimer ´s Disease602 Words   |  3 PagesUnits for Residents with Primary Degenerative Dementia: Alzheimers disease†. The reason I went with this article was because I wanted to focus on a different stage of life. I also have family that has had Alzheimer’s disease. 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Loss of memories and brain function deficits that occur and are not from normal aging may indicate a person is sufferingRead More Alzheimers Disease, Nursing Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding of Alzheimer Disease Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Loss of memory, forgetfulness, personal change, even death, are common related disorders caused by a disease called Dementia or better known to most people as Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States in persons 65 and older. Alzheimer’s disease is, named for the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer, who first recognized the disease in 1907; Alzheimer’s disease is characterized byRead More Alzheimer’s Disease Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s Disease is a disease of the future. With the growing aged population, this disease, which affects primarily the elderly, will become of increasing relevance to the medical profession. Also, the high frequency of Alzheimer’s, and the high cost in labor, money, and material of caring for its victims shall put considerable burden on the society as a whole. Here, however, these issues are not going to be debated. Instead the pathology of Alzheimer’s will be reviewedRead MoreIbesity And Alzheimers Disease1315 Words   |  6 PagesOne cognitive defect affecting elderly patients is Alzheimers disease. This cognitive disease affects many populations around the world, but mainly aging individuals3. Though the quantity of life is extending with modern medical practices4, Alzheimers disease is still prevalent, with prevention and treatment not yet well defined5. The topic of interest is to determine if consumption of soy will improve cognitive memory in elderly individuals with Alzheimers disease. If soy isoflavones can specifically

A great teacher free essay sample

Teachers provide foundation of each individual’s education. In addition to teachers in school, other people act as teachers also, for example, someone teaching another how to draw, write, read, or even how to ride a bike. The act of teaching is a simple process that just happens from trying to explain one’s knowledge to another. A teacher needs patience, knowledge, a certain discipline, bits of sociology, and a certain personality to captivate the students. Most importantly, teachers should remember that their students are individuals with their own personalities, likes, dislikes, and their own views . The first thing I believe is the most important is to remember the students are kids and persons too. They may disagree with you or not understand the principles taught. Patience is a virtue; a rash attitude will confuse and trouble the students. Patience gives the student a sense of caring and a feeling of attention. Kids need to feel special, for they are at the center of their own world. They don’t have the experience needed to understand that their view is not unique. I began teaching a small group of kids how to play chess in my old high school. I found I needed to find a proper balance to teach the kids how to reason, like I did so many years before. Mrs. Hattie’s way was a patient and constructive one she would go over and â€Å"she pounded the fundamentals of journalism into her students-not simply how to write a lead or accurately transcribe a quote, but, more important, how to comport yourself in a professional way and to always do quality work. †(Friedman, 104) She knew that to be respected and even read in the world of journalism presentation had to be impeccable. Knowledge can come from two sources, learning, and experience. A teacher that has never practiced in the field he is teaching will be limited. Experience and stories give a sense of realism and rear-world applications to students. My old Biology teacher, Mr. Saintin, used to work as a geological engineer. Those stories gave me a better view of how the different tectonic plate worked than a chart. Experience gives passion; someone like Mr. K put his feelings and passion into the music he was teaching, â€Å"Mr. K understood better than anyone the bond music creates among people who play it together. †(Lipman, 409) Classes need a sense of discipline, not so as to restrain the student’s creativity, point of views, ideas, or thinking process; but as a way to push them into the subject and work they are doing in class. Every student has had a day or more when they did not want to work, either from being tired, lazy or just plain not finding the subject interesting, but a certain push is necessary to understand and get the subject. Mr. K’s classroom was a strict one, â€Å"Mr. K pushed us harder than our parents, harder than our other teachers, and through sheer force of will made us better than we had any right to be. †(Lipman, 408) For without guidance there can only be little progress. The students need to be pushed and challenged without creating friction between students and teacher. .The need to know your students is a harder one to work on, especially once classes start to become bigger. Students will feel smaller and less important in the teacher’s eyes if their teacher doesn’t take the time to know a little about them. Mrs. Hattie’s student cared about her opinion and view, â€Å"None of us could have articulated it then, but it was because we enjoyed being harangued by her, disciplined by her, and taught by her. †(Friedman, 104) Her students loved her, because she knew them as friends more than students. A teacher that knows the basic thinking of their students will be able to develop a program that will successfully teach the subject in the best way for each individual. Everybody works and learn in a differently way. I once had to be put on detention to finish a group project because my teacher understood I had neither the motivation nor the structure and push to do it. If a student feels ignored in class, he will ask fewer questions, and if he does not understand, will fall behind. Why are students in class, because their parents force them, because of the law, to learn or just to socialize, again there is no one that never had a boring class, we all had that plain boring teacher that would just read out of the book and does not challenge the students. A clear personality is required of a teacher. A teacher has to be able to captivate the students and share some of their passions in their respective subject. What student would want to learn something the teacher is not even motivated to teach? I once had an English teacher back in France that was disrespected by her students and apathetic, the class was in total chaos, with everybody fighting with paper balls in the class. I can still remember the day when two of my friends had the audacity to make a soccer ball size tape ball that just flew around the class. And what happened, nothing, because our teacher had no control and no respect from the class. She was considered as a push-over and the class stayed chaotic the entire year. A teacher’ personality gives interest to his students and doesn’t let them stray off-path. Mr. K’s class was like that, how his crazy insult, half understood with his accent gave him something unique, no other teacher would yell at them in Ukrainian. For if the students see the teacher just as a book-reader they will not listen. A great teacher needs to learn about and care for his students. Teachers need to use their experience to make the class worthwhile to his students. Motivating a class can be hard to do but learning each student’s character helps develop an environment where it is explained how each of them gains from learning. Teaching is hard but with motivation, experience, and an ability to captivate, great teachers can be made.

Understanding Performance Management free essay sample

The mandate to operate at an optimal performance level and meet financial and organizational expectations are transforming the way organizations do business. This evolution is driving higher standards of competence in day-to-day operations and adding new pressure to increase stakeholder value. In today’s rapid-paced business climate, the agility with which a company manages performance can determine market position and company profitability. Defining Performance Management Performance management is the integrated process of defining, assessing, and reinforcing employee work behaviors and outcomes (Cummings and Worley 2005). Performance management focuses on understanding, optimizing, and aligning action and decisions and ensuring the collaboration and empowerment of all individuals across the business network. It includes practices and methods for goal setting, performance appraisal, coaching, employee development and reward systems. More than ever, organizations need broader measures of employee performance to ensure that (1) deficiencies are address in a timely manner through employee development programs that meet the needs of the organisation and its market, (2) employee behaviours are being directed toward performance of specific objectives that are consistent with the work unit and the organization strategy, and (3) employees are provided with proper and timely feed back to assist with their career development. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Performance Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These practices jointly influence the performance of individuals and work group, and enables them to work across strategic, tactical, and operational levels to align actions to ensure optimal performance. In order for effective performance management to take place, the process must utilize information from three time periods to do so. It makes use of data from the past in order to gather information form past performance. This information is then utilized in the present for the establishment of work plans, goals and the setting of development opportunities. These objectives therefore allow for high levels of performance in the future. The Purpose of the Performance Management System The main purpose of performance management is to make sure that employee goals, employee behaviours used to achieve these goals and feedback information about employee performance are all linked to the corporate strategy. However there is no one way to manage performance. What ever system is adopted needs to be congruent with the culture and principles that pervade the organization. Most systems of performance management has three purposes- Strategic, Administrative, and Developmental. The strategic purpose- Defining Performance One of the ways in which strategies are implemented is by management defining the desired results, behaviours and employee characteristics necessary for carrying out strategy. They can then develop measurement and feedback mechanisms which will show hoe effectively results are being achieved and what to do to produce results. The organization can achieve this strategic purpose if it is flexible and amendable to changes in the goals and strategies which can occur, and also to recognise that if such changes occur, then there needs to be change in results, behaviours and characteristics of the employees, which must of necessity change to correspond with such organizational changes. The Administrative Purpose-Measuring Performance Performance appraisal information is one of the main instruments used by organizations for making administrative decisions, for example, salary administration, in terms of pay raises; promotions, retention or termination, recognition of individual performance and identification of poor performance. The Developmental Purpose- Feedback and coaching This aspect of performance management seeks to develop further, employees who are good at their jobs. In instances where employees are not performing up to standard, performance management also seeks to improve their performance through coaching. The feedback from the performance evaluation process indicates or identifies the areas of strengths and weakness in the employee performance. It is therefore critical to businesses that they recognise and fulfill the purpose of an effective performance management system as this is central to gaining a competitive advantage through the management of human resources. They also need to develop the measures by which performance can be evaluated. The discussion now turns to the development of the performance management system. It describes the major strategic decisions that must be put in place if the task force is to effectively design a performance management system. In order for a successful performance management to be established, the process must utilize five strategic decisions. 1. How the system will be used be used? 2. Who does the evaluation? 3. What areas are to be evaluated? 4. How should the evaluation be done? 5. What are the ways in which the evaluation can be done? How will the system be used Planned employee development should be one of the basic concepts of any organization’s performance management system. This is an attempt to state a broad policy which removes any option about people development by stipulating that developing people is a pillar of whatever system of management the organization espouses. This people development should be planned, not given mere lip service or expected to happen by itself. Adoption of this policy would guard against the simplistic way in which some supervisors consider themselves to be results oriented as opposed to people oriented, thus absolving themselves from people development. The major thrust of employee development will be to emphasize that the development of people as the best means available to achieve results for the organization. Three new thoughts are intended in this policy rec ¬ommendation. First, because development is different for everyone, there should be individual development plans. While there may always be areas of growth or development common to many at the same time, these ought not to be the sum total of the people develop ¬ing process taking place. It is often an easy excuse for supervisors point to plant–wide or company–wide â€Å"people† programs as a way of absolving themselves of their people developing responsibility. The second operable word in this policy state ¬ment is review. The supervisor is required to follow up on the people development plans. They are not to be spoken of enthusiastically for a brief period and then forgotten. If documented on company forms, they ought not to be forwarded to some staff office as though float ¬ing off into never–never land. They require monitoring so that progress can be checked periodically. Third, individual plans should be reviewed at least annually. This is an attempt to offer some time frame for periodic review, so as not to make the task too time–consuming. Furthermore, a lot can happen in twelve months, so that this time span is not too soon for considering new situations that might warrant chang ¬ing or updating the plan. Many practicing managers indicate a twelve month time frame as a practical one, especially when the development plan is discussed in the context of the annual performance evaluation. Each of my subordinates should work out a specific plan of personal development. Two thoughts are contained in this policy statement. First, each subordinate is to have a development plan. Again, we speak of the universality of develop ¬ment. This isn’t only for the weak, or only for those identified as shinning stars, or only for any select lucky or unlucky few. Everyone has developmental needs in order to help achieve the mission of the organization. Second, there is the question of who works out this plan for development. Some may immediately think of some subordinates who do not appear capable of working out their own personal development, hence this may prompt a negative vote (or â€Å"false† mark) on this state ¬ment. Clearly there will be some individuals less qualified than others to work out such a plan. But the intent is not to expect people to do it alone – quite the contrary. The real point of this statement is to fix on the subordinate a sharing of the development responsibility for which the supervisor is accountable. It becomes then a shared responsibility between the supervisor and the subordinate. I should require individual development plans from each of my subordinates Again many mangers can point to individuals who might state, or have stated, they are not interested in development. We’ve all encountered people like that. They readily assert that they have no interest in getting promoted; they know their job, they do it well, they simply want to work 9 to 5 and leave the jockeying for positions to someone else. This is precisely why the uni ¬versality of the need for development needs reinforcing. It ought not to be an option. The organization cannot afford to let people maintain that attitude. It is not what we want to people to think of promotion or becoming managers or anything they truly do not want to become, but in order to continue to perform well in the present areas of responsibility, people must keep pace with develop ¬ments in their field. Because no job stays the same, no jobholder can stay the same. â€Å"Future shock† is a concept with which we are all familiar. So much happens in the work developments around us that no job remains the same very long. Hence, if a worker is doing the job the same way he or she did a year ago, that person is less effective, if not completely wrong. Periodic on–the–job coaching is a major part of an individual’s development. The hope here is that the supervisor will feel at home with the statement and its implications. Periodic instruction or assistance on the job is an everyday occurrence. No one will deny the need for giving instruction or assistance on the job to those who need it, and some need it more that others. If we can begin to see this part of the warp and weft of individual development, then the universal change envisioned in these statements will not be so threatening to some. Who evaluates Performance appraisal of the employee should be done by immediate supervisor. The supervisor is the one who is usually in the best position to observe and evaluate his or her subordinates’ performance and he or she is responsible for that person’s performance. References I/O psych text Another approach that can be used is peer appraisals. According to kane and Lawler(1978), three techniques are usually used : (1) Peer nomination- each person nomoinates a specified number of group members as being highest in particular dimension of performance. (2) Peer rating- each group member rates the others on a set of performance dimensions using several kinds of rating scales. 3) Peer ranking- each member ranks all others from the best to worst on one or more performance dimensions. The Appraisal of an employee by his or her peers can be effective in predicting future management success. One problem however is log rolling; that is all the peers simply get together to rate each other highly. Also many group members donot like to evaluate one another, so part of the method hinges on impressing participants with its values. There is also the rating committee which is usually composed of the employees’ immediate supervisors and three or four other supervisors. This type of rating is useful and advantageous because while there may be discrepancies in the rating \s made by individual supervisors, the composite ratings tend to be more reliable, fair and valid. Another advantage is that several raters can cancel out problems like bias and the halo effect on the part of the individual rater. Employee evaluation can also be done by employees assessing their own behaviour. This is known as the self assessment technique. The basic problem with this is that employees usually rate themselves higher than they are rated by their supervisors or their peers. Meyer(1980) reorted a study in which engineers rated their own performance against their views of the performance of other engineers in the company. On average, each engineer thought he or she was performing better than 75% of the rest of the engineers in the study. Statically, it is quite a trick to have a 100% of the workforce be in the top 25%b of job performers. This underscores the biggest problem with self- assessment: positive leniency. Most people have higher opinions of their own performance than others do. There is also the other form of appraisal which is appraisal by subordinates, otherwise known as upward feedback. In this situation, subordinates are anonymously asked to evaluate their supervisor’s performance. When this type of appraisal is conducted throughout the firm it really helps the top managers to diagnose management styles, identify potential people problems and take corrective action with individual managers as required. Appraisal may also be conducted through performance feedback from all the persons with whom the employee has to interact; this interaction is referred to as 360-degrwee feedback. The appraisal can take place between coworkers, subordinates, and internal and external customers. The Performance Appraisal Interview and the Coaching Process The appraisal interview is one in which the supervisor and subordinate review the appraisal and make plans to remedy deficiencies and reinforce strengths. For many supervisors the formal performance appraisal interview is one of the most dreaded activities of the role. Of course, supervisors often have no problem evaluating the outstanding performer. The problem is with everyone else. They are put in the position of providing information to a subordinate that often runs contrary to the subordinates own self-evaluation or self-image. This can lead to a number of outcomes that many managers would prefer avoiding. In conducting appraisal interviews effectively there are four major things that supervisors must do in preparation for interview: 1. Spend a lot of time preparing; go over the subordinates performance, your own interactions, the history of the employee; if the employee reports to a number of supervisors, make sure you have input from all relevant sources 2. They must assemble data, study the person’s job description, compare the employee’s performance standards that would be evaluated against, and review the files of the employee’s previous appraisals. 3. Supervisors should also prepare employees, that is , give them at least a week notice to review their work, read over job description, analyze problems and gather their questions and comments so that the interview can be a two-way conversation. 4. A mutually agreeable time should be choosen ofr the interview. Enough time time should also be scheduled for the intertview. Having prepared for the interview there are four important things that supervisors need to cognizant of: ? Supervisors should attempt to be direct and specific all times. They should speak in terms of objective work data such as absences, tardiness, qulit records, inspection reports, productivity records and cost reduction. This is done so that employee is aware of all the areas that he or she is being appraised on. ?The supervisor should also encourage the appraisee to talk. Stop and listen to what the person is saying. The supervisor should ask opened questions such as â€Å" what do you think we can do to improve the situation ? ? Do not get personal. Supervisors should try to compare employees’ performance to given standards and not to othe performance of other people. This can help to avoid confrontation or misunderstanding between the appraiser and appraisee. This also ensures that the person know what they are doing wrong and what they are doing right. The supervisor s hould ensure the persons understands , and get agreement before he or she leaves on how things will be improved and by a give n date . An action plan shoud also be developed showing steps and expected results. For: Clive Williams Problem: Parts inventory too high Objective: Reduce plant parts inventory by 10% in June Action Steps When/TimeExpected Results †¢Determine average monthly parts inventory 02/06†¢Establish base from which to measure progress †¢Review ordering quantities and parts usage 15/06†¢Identify overstock items †¢Ship excess parts to regional warehouse 20/06†¢Clear stock space in plant †¢Set new ordering quantities for all plants 25/06†¢Avoid future overstock †¢Check records to measure where we are now 01/07†¢To see how close we are to objectives Providing Feedback on Performance Feedback is most effective when it is †¢http://www. google. tt/preferences? q=tell+and+sell+interview+hl=enlr=safe=activesa=Ftimely-as close to the critical behavior as possible †¢descriptive and specific †¢objective †¢aimed at solving problems and action Conducting a Performance Appriasal Interview †¢set aside enough time †¢begin open ended †¢do not allow the appraisal form to dictate the interview process †¢try to balance inquiry (asking questions) and advocacy (pushing your ideas) †¢agree on the next steps for action Coaching: Some General Guidelines be as specific as possible take advantage of critical incidents-for example after a major project, sit down and reflect with your subordinate about lessons learned identify specific developmental agendas identify resources available to subordinates adapt your coaching style to the individual Link to compensation Many people may argue that a performance appraisal is little more than a tool for managers to use in wringing as much work as possible from individuals without adequately rewarding them. This perception is difficult to deny if you have ever been the victim of such exploitation. Indeed, it must be recognized that a dishonest and secretive performance appraisal system will only exacerbate poor employee relations. However, if employees believe that the system can assist them in furthering their own careers and economic prospects, performance appraisals can actually boost employee morale. Performance appraisals are particularly useful in facilitating equitable decisions about salary if the agency uses a merit pay system as the basis for salary progression. A merit pay system requires a method for translating judgments about work quality into appropriate salary actions. Pay increases of varying sizes must be rationally explained if a merit pay system is not to seem arbitrary. If an organization has an automatic pay system, with scheduled salary increases, performance appraisals will help identify (and justify the termination of) unsatisfactory employees who demoralize others, since they receive the same salary increases as good workers. Recent research (Bannister Balkin, 1990) has reported that appraisees seem to have greater acceptance of the appraisal process, and feel more satisfied with it, when the process is directly linked to rewards. Such findings are a serious challenge to those who feel that appraisal results and reward outcomes must be strictly isolated from each other. Methods for performance appraisal In order to effectively appraise employees the appropriate many writers have pointed to different methods which can be used in conducting a performance appraisal .

Emigrants vs. Immigrants vs. Migrants

Emigrants vs. Immigrants vs. Migrants Emigrants vs. Immigrants vs. Migrants Emigrants vs. Immigrants vs. Migrants By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between an emigrant and an immigrant, and where do migrants fit in? The answer, for both questions, is that it’s a matter of direction. Emigrant, immigrant, and migrant all stem from the Latin verb migrare, which means â€Å"to move from one direction to another.† The distinction between the nearly identical-sounding first two terms is that emigrant describes a person from the perspective of coming from somewhere else, and immigrant refers to someone in the context of arrival at his or her destination. Simply said, emigrants come from somewhere, and immigrants go to somewhere. (To help you remember which is which, think of emigrants as emerging from and immigrants as being immersed into.) Other terms for this phenomenon that include the root word migrant include in-migrant and out-migrant. Another synonym for emigrant, à ©migrà ©, usually refers specifically to someone forced for political reasons to leave a country; the word is derived from the Latin verb emigrare by way of French. There is no equivalent term synonymous with immigrant, however. A migrant, meanwhile, is a person or an animal who travels to and from two locations, as in the case of an economic migrant who leaves home to earn money in another country and returns periodically before going back to the other country again. (Migrator is an alternative.) Less often, migrant is used to refer to an animal that travels from one region to another depending on the seasons, as when geese in the Northern Hemisphere fly south for the winter as their habitat grows too cold and then return when the weather becomes milder again in the spring. Nouns referring to movement to and from a place, respectively, are immigration and emigration; the verb forms are immigrate and emigrate. Migration describes the process of repeated movement from one place to another and back again (migrancy is a less common variant), and the verb form is migrate; migrant and migratory serve as adjectives, the former usually referring to humans and the latter to animals, and migrational might also modify a noun to refer to back-and-forth movements of humans or animals. Check out our latest YouTube video: Wether, Whether, Weather Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterSelect vs. SelectedHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

A Step For the future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Step For the future - Essay Example Mama says, â€Å"In real life I am a large, big.boned woman with rough, man.working hands† (Walker). Although she is very weak financially, yet she has remained composed through all thick and thin of life. To me, Mama is a role model because being a woman does not make her deprived of any thing in any sense. Having studied Mama as a character in Everyday Use, I have come to realize that much of the injustice women conventionally complain of can be attributed to their self perception of a weaker sex. It is their own sense of delicacy and insecurity that makes them underestimate themselves, and the opposite gender takes advantage of it. If women leave underestimating themselves, no man can undermine them, and Mama stays as an evidence for this. A & P: Having read A & P, the biggest lesson that I have learnt is that men’s preferences and sense of responsibility in life change as they mature. For a man who is as young and immature as Sammy, gaining approval of a girl passin g by may mean more than job, that is the most fundamental demand of a mature man. Sammy enters into an extremely useless and unproductive argument with the store manager for girls whom he has seen for the first, and perhaps the last time in his life in the store.

Operations management at Starbucks Research Paper

Operations management at Starbucks - Research Paper Example Taiwan has 271 stores, Thailand houses 171 while India has 10 stores. This distribution makes a total of 20,891 stores spread across all over the world (Stacey 2004, 91). Starbucks deals in a range of products. Although its products are basically coffee based, the company has come up with formidable methods to diversify its lean range of products. With the use of a high innovative management and market research, the company has dominated the service of hot and cold beverages. It serves micro-ground instant coffee, whole-bean coffee, full leaf teas, snacks and pastries. In addition, most of its stores stock and sell packed food items such as cold and hot sandwiches. It has increased its merchandise to include stylish mugs and tumblers among other utensils. The company has diversified its range of products to include others that are not coffee oriented. This is in an attempt to remain relevant in the market as well as improve its sources of income. It has evening locations that offer a variety of beer and wines. These locations also serve appetizers and light food stuffs past 4 pm. Starbucks has entertainment division that thrills its revelers with a wide assortment of music. The Starbuck Entertainment Division markets music, publications and films. Since the company operates in several locations with varied tastes and preferences, its products are specific to the communities in their areas of operation. Many of its products are seasonal and specific to the locality of a particular store. Other than selling its products in its stores only, the company also stocks some of its products in general stores across the globe (Paul 2010,94). Such products include Starbucks-branded ice creams and coffee in groceries, supermarkets and other consumer outlets. History of Starbucks The company was founded in 1971 as a local coffee bean retailer and roaster in Seattle. It has since expanded rapidly to be established in over 60 countries worldwide. It currently opens an average of a store a day. Until 1987, the company operated exclusively in the United States and Canada. Its first overseas branch was officially opened in the mid 1990s. Presently, the overseas branches and stores constitute over one third of the total company’s premises. The company had a target of opening 1900 new stores outside the United States and Canada by 2012. This target has been despite closing a total of 300 stores within the boundaries of the United States since 2008 (Rapley 2005, 83). 30th March 1971 saw the opening of the first Starbucks in Seattle, Washington. The local coffee shop was founded by three partners; Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegel. The three entrepreneurs who met s students in the University of San Francisco were inspired to serve high quality coffee beans. They were equipped with unique coffee roasting techniques of Alfred Peet, a famous coffee roaster. The original name of Starbucks Corporation at its founding was Pequod (Whaling ship from M oby-Dick). Some of the co-founders rejected the name later and renamed the store after the Chief Mate of the ship Pequodo; Starbucks. The three partners bought green coffee beans from their mentor, Peets. Later, they began buying the beans directly from farmers (Rapley 2005, 81). Sale and Expansion of Starbucks Starbucks bought their mentor company, Peets from Alfred Peets in 1984. The total sales of coffee in the United Sta

The Main Critiques Of Liberal Democratic Model

The Main Critiques Of Liberal Democratic Model One of the most important political ideologies used in the modern era especially by the Western countries is liberal democracy. A liberal democratic state involves of the goals of both liberalism and democracy. This essay will talk about the critiques of liberal democracy explaining the four criteria of liberal democracy and why it works or does not work in the context to the case study countries. In a liberal democratic model, it is necessary to have some basic criteria on liberal democracy. The four criteria that will be explored in relation to the case study countries are multiple distinct political parties, separation of power into different branches of government, an idea of equality and lastly secularism. According to Gordon Smith political parties are, the summation of pluralist tradition. This means political parties are very important because of the role they play in society. Pluralists debate that there should be multiple contenders in opposing centres of power as the power should not rest in one group rather be divided and diffused (Schwarzmantel, 1994:51). Political parties represent the public interests. Likewise, multi- party system creates diversity and competition in turn parties makes efforts and try out to reach to a larger group of people making their policies relevant. It emphasises different groups of interests within the liberal democratic state which prevents any one group from dominating. As each human being have different perspective of looking at the world, similarly each party might have a different interpretation on a policy because of the different ideals and values. The main aim of political parties is to capture state power. This pluralist view applies to a co untry like Russia where they have multi-party system. It is practically accurate to argue that at the national level Russia has attained at least a semi-pluralistic political system, with number of national parties and the strong influence of business interests. On the other hand Elite theory rejects the pluralist theory that power can be diffused and can be divided and spread among different groups of society. Elite theory argues that the power rests in the hands of few, who are wealthy. They assert that the average person cannot be heard because the power is usually concentrated in a few at the top. Democratic elite theorists argued that the decrease in internal party democracy and meeting process did not matter much, so long as competition between parties still give voters the final power. Elite theory says that two-party or multi-party system is usually dominated by an elite. For example in a country like USA elite theory works more than the pluralist theory. United States has two parties unlike the other countries that have multi-party system. In a multi-party system, political parties usually have specialised agenda which in turn represents their interests like environment, labor or business. But in America with a more generalised syst em, the two parties have to please a wider range of people to be elected. Consequently, both parties act neither too liberal nor too conservative. Many people agree that United States has a two-party system but there have been few cases where third party candidate won an election. Third party candidates have to struggle to get elected. The last time when the country saw a third party presented elected was in 1860 when Abraham Lincoln became President. In the view of elite theory they agree with the two-party system in United States as campaigns costs a fortune in this country. In their view the wealth buys the political power by recruiting capable individuals to serve the interests of the ruling class, and by financing the campaigns of politicians and the operation of political parties'(Module guide).Political parties are important for keeping the check and balance of power through peaceful means and are thus important in a liberal democracy. Without having any form of competition t hen from an elitist, then there would be only one outcome and that is whatever the elite considers the best then that will be the decision. In a country to be liberal democratic state power should be divided among different groups so that state cannot rule the masses on their own and the power is distributed among different factions of government. Pluralism critique of the state suggests a solution to how democracies can be realised in large and complex societies and how to achieve popular power and at the same time limit the power of the state. Pluralism is strictly against the totalitarian government. A pluralist society is on in which the decisions are taken by associations of citizens, acting independently of state. They assume state as a neutral actor which helps control conflicts and negotiations among groups. As all groups do not have equal resources or influence as some of the other groups in society, state does not favour any of the group rather remain neutral. Pluralism prefers a federal system of government in which power is divided among executive, legislature and judiciary. So that there is checks and balanc es and no one can misuse the power. Madison advocated a simple logic stating that, grant independent power to the different branches of government, and each member of that branch will have a personal interest in maintaining that power and preventing the other branches from carrying out their repressive designs. It means if the power is distributed among different bodies in the government, no person will be able to impose his or her will. Pluralist theory can apply to a country like France where there is a federal system of government although the executive is body is slightly stronger than that of legislature. However all the power does not rest with the executive, power also lies within the two remaining branches of government, the legislative, and the judiciary. The second critique which describes the state is elite theory. In their view, the separation of power is unimportant within the state because in the end unified elite hold the power. They assert that the elites will always hold power in the society in different forms and their nature will directly determine the properties of society in which they live. The post- war elite theory critique C. Wright Mills argued that important decisions made in United States policy making were most of the times made by unelected power elite. For example, Unites States has a federal system of government in which power is evenly distributed among the 3 bodies of government , namely legislature, executive and judiciary but there certain cases where there are power elite makes the decisions. For instance the head of a big American business corporation or even the President or his appointed staff. On the contrary, Marxist theory argues that economy is the most important element in the society and that the s ociety should grow towards a classless structure with an equal distribution of power. Each citizen should be treated equally irrespective of gender, cast and religion to live in peace. Thus, idea of equality should be present in every country which makes it an important aspect of a liberal democratic country. Marxist Theory can best explain that why there is inequality among countries. Marxists states that unequal distribution of wealth is caused by exploitation in production as well as distribution of wealth. Capitalism and notion of private property creates class differences and unequal distribution of power. Private property maximises the gap between rich and poor. For instance if a person owns a property, he gets to exploit people who dont which leads to other people working for the person who owns the property and can provide them with money. This form of organisation develops two classes, the bourgeoisie or ruling class who control and profit from the system and the working class who are much more numerous. In Marxist view wealth should be equally distributed am ong people. Rejecting this theory of Marxism, elite critiques argue that economic or social class forces do not determine what happens in society rather elites do. Italian writer Vilfredo Pareto criticises Marxists for overlooking the control of elite. For example in a country like America and Nigeria there is a huge income gap between rich and poor due to capitalism. The wealth is concentrated in the hands of elites which gives an adverse effect on the welfare of citizens. Utter poverty for a large percentage of the people of Nigeria is because of the mismanagement of the economy and widespread corruption by political elites. Therefore both the theories can be applied in the countries like Nigeria and United States. All the liberal democratic countries should accept that citizens should not be prevented from practicing their religion and the state is no one to interfere with the religious decisions of citizens or their institutions. Marxist sees religion as a feature only of a class-divided society. The theory argues that whichever class controls the economic production also controls the production and distribution of ideas in society via institutions such as church, education system and the media. For example, France has declared herself as a secular country having divided church and state during the French Revolution. However, over 80% of her citizens claim to be Roman Catholics, on the other hand 10% claim to be Muslim (CIA).In spite of being a secular state France does not allow manifestation of religion in public sphere. In 2004, an anti-religious law passed through legislature that banned the wearing of headscarves, turban, skullcaps, or large crosses in the public schools as (Graham, 109) .Therefore looking at this example of France it can be said that the Marxist theory can describe secularism in France as the person who is ruling is passing all the laws which controls all the power in the government and can influence any law in his favour. Moreover this law in the end can lead to divisions in society. Similarly, Pluralism accepts all the religions in the society and rejects the notion that there can be a single belief in religion or culture. That is, pluralism is a simple recognition of the fact that there are many different faith groups active in the country. Pluralist theory works well in the liberal democratic countries as they demonstrate well about secularism. Pluralist theory works well in religious country like United States which is a multi-cultural society consisting of many religious groups such as Christians, Muslims, Hindus.

Essay example --

Folkers 1 Amanda Folkers October 25, 2013 Mr. Spencer Economics 1 Period: 3 Price Floor, Price ceilings, and inflation Folkers 2 The Price floors, Price ceilings, and the inflation of the government funds are increasing. The definition of price floors, â€Å"are prices even just below the point to which it is illegal to buy or sell goods. They can’t go lower than 7.25/ hr or they are breaking a federal law, this is to protect the producer.† A price floor can be set below/ above the market equilibrium price. If the free market price is set higher than the equilibrium, the price floor has a small to no direct change. It ensures prices stay high so that product can continue to be made. If the free market price is lower than the price floor, then a surplus; Consumers find they must now pay a higher price for the same product, then they reduce their purchases or switch to a substitute good. Meanwhile, suppliers find they are guaranteed a new, and higher prices, and so they produce more. There are a number of strategies that the government uses for setting a price floor and dealing with its consequen ces. They can set an easily understood price floor, for the citizens. This price support sets a minimum price, however, here the government buys up any extra supply, or surplus. This is even more inefficient and costly for the government and society. Production quotas usually raise the price by limiting production by giving businesses the opportunity to reduce their production. In America, this technique is used mostly with agriculture. The government pays farmers to keep a portion of their fields production, this leads to a raise in prices. Like price supports, the policy would be more efficient and le... ...instance, when gold was used as currency, the government could collect gold coins, melt them down, mix them with other metals such as silver, copper or lead, and reissue them at the same nominal value. By diluting the gold with other metals, the government could issue more coins without also needing to increase the amount of gold used to make them. When the cost of each coin is lowered in this way, the government profits from an increase in seignior age. This practice would increase the money supply but at the same time the relative value of each coin would be lowered. As the relative value of the coins becomes lower, consumers would need to give more coins and money, in exchange for the same goods and services as before. These goods and services would experience a price increase as the value of each coin is reduced. Therefor causing too much money into the economy.

“Discourse on the Method” by Rene Descartes Essay

Discourse on the Method is Descartes’ attempt to explain his method of reasoning through even the most difficult of problems. He illustrates the development of this method through brief autobiographical sketches interspersed with philosophical arguments. Part 1 contains â€Å"various considerations concerning the sciences.† First, all people possess â€Å"good sense,† the ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Therefore, it is not a lack of ability that obstructs people but their failure to follow the correct path of thought. The use of a method can elevate an average mind above the rest, and Descartes considered himself a typical thinker improved by the use of his method. Descartes benefited from a superior education, but he believed that book learning also clouded his mind. After leaving school, he set off traveling to learn from â€Å"the great book of the world† with an unclouded mind. He comes to the conclusion that all people have a â€Å"natural light† that can be obscured by education and that it is as important to study oneself as it is to study the world. In part 2, Descartes describes his revelation in the â€Å"stove-heated room.† Contemplating various subjects, he hits on the idea that the works of individuals are superior to those conceived by committee because an individual’s work follows one plan, with all elements working toward the same end. He considers that the science he learned as a boy is likely flawed because it consists of the ideas of many different men from various eras. Keeping in mind what he has learned of logic, geometry, and algebra, he sets down the following rules: (1) to never believe anything unless he can prove it himself; (2) to reduce every problem to its simplest parts; (3) to always be orderly in his thoughts and proceed from the simplest part to the most difficult; and (4) to always, when solving a problem, create a long chain of reasoning and leave nothing out. He immediately finds this method effective in solving problems that he had found too difficult before. Still fearing that his own misconceptions might be getting in the way of pure reason, he decides to systematically eliminate all his wrong opinions and use his new method exclusively. In part 3, Descartes puts forth a provisional moral code to live by while  rethinking his views: (1) to obey the rules and customs of his country and his religion and never take an extreme opinion; (2) to be decisive and stick with his decisions, even if some doubts linger; (3) to try to change himself, not the world; and (4) to examine all the professions in the world and try to figure out what the best one is. Not surprising, Descartes determines that reasoning and searching for the truth is, if not the highest calling, at least extremely useful. For many years after his revelation, Descartes traveled widely and gained a reputation for wisdom, then retired to examine his thoughts in solitude. In part 4, Descartes offers proofs of the existence of the soul and of God. Contemplating the nature of dreams and the unreliability of the senses, he becomes aware of his own process of thinking and realizes it is proof of his existence: I think, therefore I exist (Cogito ergo sum). He also concludes that the soul is separate from the body based on the unreliability of the senses as compared with pure reason. His own doubts lead him to believe that he is imperfect, yet his ability to conceive of perfection indicates that something perfect must exist outside of him–namely, God. He reasons that all good things in the world must stem from God, as must all clear and distinct thoughts. Part 5 moves from discussion of a theory of light to theories about human anatomy. Descartes considers the fact that animals have many of the same organs as humans yet lack powers of speech or reason. He takes this difference to be evidence of humankind’s â€Å"rational soul.† He considers the mysterious connection of the soul to the body and concludes that the soul must have a life outside the body. Therefore it must not die when the body dies. Because he cannot conceive of a way that the soul could perish or be killed, he is forced to conclude that the soul is immortal. In part 6, Descartes cautiously touches on possible conflicts with the church over his ideas about physical science. Finally, he implores his readers to read carefully, apologizes for writing in French rather than Latin, and vows to shun fame and fortune in the name of pursuing truth and knowledge.

The Use Of Technology For Teaching - 1374 Words

â€Å"The use of technology for teaching has become an integral part of successful learning and teaching languages in many parts of the world† (Abukhattala 262). Despite natural human capability to learn a native language, it is immensely difficult to obtain fluency in a second language. For this reason, countries around the world have started utilizing technology to facilitate learning. For children in Libya, English is viewed as a prerequisite to being successful in both career and personal life. Technology enabled the students to surpass the traditional, and inefficient, means of learning English as a second language. â€Å"[The] practice involves a heavy emphasis on grammatical rules, vocabulary memorization and translation of (mostly†¦show more content†¦However, these means were very counterintuitive because they did not successfully facilitate learning. There was a great need for an effective method to learn and teach second languages, but it was nearly imposs ible to integrate a culture and language of one area into another successfully. The geographical distance between people of different nationalities made communication impossible, and no universally applicable teaching tool existed for students around the world to learn the same language. As English began to dominate the business, economic, and social sector of the world, learning the language was absolutely required for people of developing countries. Learning languages can also be necessary for people moving to another country, for the general preservation of culture within smaller indigenous peoples, and for the participation in linguistics in general. The emergence of technology has had a significant effect on learning languages in multiple facets. It solves for all the difficulties present in commonplace learning, both in formal and informal environments. Computers and the Internet have allowed for increased universal access to learning materials that are comprehensive and origi nal that can be utilized around the world. In this way, technology has created an unprecedented way of achieving second language acquisition. Numerous case studies have